An introduction to AMD- Its causes, symptoms, and risk factors

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), also known as age-related maculopathy (ARMD), is a prevalent eye condition causing vision loss among older adults. It primarily affects individuals over 50, impacting the macula, the small central portion of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision.
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10),10th Revision assigns specific codes to AMD to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment management: H35.3 for ARMD, H35.30 for unspecified AMD, and H35.31 for dry AMD, and H35.32 for wet AMD.
Causes
Genetic Factors
Genetics significantly contributes to the development of AMD. A family history of the condition increases an individual’s risk, indicating a hereditary component. Specific genetic variations have been identified with a higher likelihood of developing AMD.
Aging
Aging is one of the the primary risk factor for AMD. As people age, the cumulative damage and wear on the retinal tissues, particularly the macula, can lead to the onset of AMD. The prevalence of the condition increases significantly in those over 50.
Environmental Factors
Environmental influences such as prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can contribute to the development of AMD. High levels of oxidative stress from environmental pollutants and toxins are also implicated in the disease process, damaging the delicate tissues of the retina.
Lifestyle Choices
Lifestyle choices are crucial in determining the risk of AMD. Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor, known to double the risk of AMD. Consuming diets rich in saturated fats and low antioxidants from fruits and vegetables can increase the risk. Additionally, physical inactivity and obesity are associated with an increased likelihood of developing AMD.
Symptoms
Dry AMD
Dry AMD ICD 10, coded as H35.31 under ICD-10, is the more common form, accounting for about 85-90% of all AMD cases. It is characterized by the gradual thinning of the macula, leading to a slow progression of vision loss. Symptoms include:
- Blurry Vision: Gradual blurring of central vision, making it difficult to recognize faces and read fine print.
- Difficulty with Low Light Levels: Challenges in adapting to dim lighting, such as when moving from a bright room to a darker one.
- Need for Brighter Light: Increased need for bright lighting when performing tasks that require fine visual detail, like reading or sewing.
- Faded Colors: Colors may appear less vibrant, and printed words may become progressively blurrier over time.
Wet AMD
Wet AMD ICD 10, categorized under H35.32 in ICD-10, rare but more severe. It involves the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina and macula, which can leak fluid or blood, leading to rapid and significant vision loss. Symptoms include:
- Visual Distortions: Straight lines appear wavy or distorted, and objects look misshapen.
- Central Vision Loss: A noticeable blurry spot or blind spot in the center of the visual field.
- Rapid Symptom Progression: Unlike dry AMD, the symptoms of wet AMD can worsen quickly, resulting in severe vision loss over a short period.
Risk Factors
Understanding the risk factors for AMD is essential for prevention and early intervention. These include:
Age